Industrial Design

Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and sales. Definition of industrial design General Industrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement.And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations. In Depth â€Å"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer. † According to the IDSA (Ind ustrial Design Society of America) Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words.Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, â€Å"Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state†. This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an ‘industrial designer'.This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as ‘products' can now be industrially produced as ‘one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design practice.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) â€Å"Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange. Process of design Although the process of design may be considered ‘creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process.Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics.Addition ally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottle, and VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.Industrial design has no focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the sexual or affectionate attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different sch ools of thought and among practicing designers.Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design. Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer.The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002). Industrial design rights Industrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color , or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value.An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.

Twitter Case Analysis

To the average technologically advanced American, Twitter is one of the most visited social media sites. From a popularity contest standpoint, Twitter would be amongst the top winners; however, when evaluating Twitter from a business analytical aspect it might not be a lucrative business venture. The attractive attribute to Twitter Inc. is the fact the sites does not make any of its users pay. Twitter is designed to allow users to voice multiple thoughts, ideas, or share different information amongst the site’s visitor.Unlike Facebook, Twitters does not have multi-million dollar corporations using the site on a regular basis to market more potential users. Therefore, with a low revenue base and poor strategic development implementation plan it’s going to be hard for Twitter Inc. to grow into a lucrative corporate investment. From a consultant standpoint, many business analyses would characterize Twitter Inc. as a â€Å"dog†. A dog is considered to be a manâ€℠¢s best friend, however form a business outlook it could be the indication that a business is in their final stages of existence.When a product is evaluated as being a dog most business experts would describe the company as have a low or staggered growth rate and yielding no profits. Twitter has documented that it does not have enough money many times to meet the site’s operation cost. Many experts believe that Twitter needs to expand the company in order to see some financial gain. The only problem with expanding the company is most investors need some form of a positive indicator that they are going to get their money back along with interest. From an explicit view, why should money be invested in Twitter? Read also Twitter Case StudyNearly every expert has come to the same conclusion that a social media site is a risky investment. Primarily, this investment is risky because consumer taste change, and social media sites has a previous trend of not being in existence more than five to seven years. Twitter consumer base is narrow, and the differentiation of the market sector would just add the list of difficulties the company is currently trying to solve. Twitter has been segmented since the creation of the company; they tend to have a consumer base in the age group of 13 to 35 years of age. The age group of 13 to 35 tend to spend the most money, owever this consumer base taste tend to be very inconsistent. Twitter is experiencing a maturity phase. In the maturity phase, there is little growth and the profit margin has reached its highest peak. If present circumstances are any forecast of the future, Twitter Inc. is in the early portion of the declining stage. In the declining stage ther e is no growth and the company spread sheet starts to show the company in operating in the red or negative. My recommendation for Twitter is quite simple. Twitter Inc. needs to restructure their company and marketing scheme.They need to market the site for corporations to think it is worth the investment to advertise. Twitter need to find sponsors to give financial support to a new site design, better advertisement, and also creating partnerships. Twitter Inc. needs to reposition itself to look more like a corporate media site and not a site for teens to release trash gossip. In the segmentation of the market, Twitter should segment the market for mature users and teens. In the segmentation they may have one side that focus on corporate sponsors and the other side should focus on alternative financial support.Additionally, it would be interesting to experiment with the merging of Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. All of these social media sites would cover the different segmentation of the market, which would give them the advantages of reaching from the youngest to oldest of users. These social media sites would allow users to upload thoughts, ideas, statements, and pictures to a single site. From a financial standpoint, there would be a large revenue base because of advertisement and sponsors trying to penetrate this lucrative market.Contrastingly, the only set back is the division of power and how would the profits be allocated in the new company corporate structure. Twitter has the fundamental basis of being an enjoyable, yet profitable company to own. However, Twitter needs to start making decisions that promotes growth and look to attract corporations to advertise on their site. Its time for Twitter to move on the matrix from a â€Å"dog† to a â€Å"cash cow†, and they will find there balance sheets doing more than breaking even. The segmentation and differentiation of markets will also help them find various area of potential success.

Corporate Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Law - Assignment Example The rights include voting during the election of the directors, amending corporate bylaws as well as articles of incorporation and participating in annual meetings associated with the stockholders. Besides, the other fundamental rights of the minority shareholders include voting on a few selected corporate events which include liquidation of the business entity, mergers or sale of assets, calling special meetings of the stockholders and scrutinizing the books, records as well as the lists of the shareholders. It is in this context that with the majority shareholders holding a strong position in a company, in frequent instances, disagreements between the majority and the minority shareholders have been identified in the modern business context. The disagreements have been mostly regarding the exclusion of the minority shareholders from management participation, disproportionate allocation of shares and withholding of dividends with profits among others (1). In this discussion, a detai led analysis of the problems concerned with the rights held by minority shareholders, playing vital role causing potential disagreements amid the members of both majority as well as minority shareholders, will be taken into concern. Moreover, the different statutory remedies which are available to the minority shareholders in order to deal with situations where the majority shareholders misuse their power or breach their duties will also be portrayed in the discussion. A Brief Analysis of the Scenario The minority shareholders are often acknowledged as institutional investors among different business entities who play a limited function in influencing the background of corporate governance construction. This is majorly due to the fact that the presence of the majority shareholders within a business firm owing the rights to partially control its decision making process often facilitates significant sources of conflicts affecting the interests of the minority shareholders (2). However , it is worth mentioning in this regard that the minority shareholders posses certain rights which may be accessible in accordance to any ‘state close corporation laws’. These rights generally include amending corporate by-laws, voting during the election of the directors and organizing as well as managing annual meetings related with the shareholders among others as mentioned in the articles of association and memorandum. Despite, it has often been observed that the minority shareholders or the institutional investors find it to be quite challenging to exercise the aforementioned rights in a smooth way witnessing minimum disruptions. This is simply because the majority shareholders tend to dominantly control the business operations as they bear large proportion or percentage of shares along with various decision making rights concerning the corporate governance structure of the particular entity. As the majority shareholders possess maximum quantity of shares (i.e. mor e than 50% of the total equity shares), it has been viewed that the interests of minority shareholders are being oppressed by several means. In this similar context, the different ways which contribute towards the oppression of the minority s

Aspectual evaluation of IS in use Research Paper

Aspectual evaluation of IS in use - Research Paper Example The champion golf flash presentation evaluation related to human living with computer. The users of this flash will benefit from many things in life from the presentation, for example, leaning how to play golf as well as enjoying it. In the beginning I will start with the introduction of discussion of several elements. Time is always a limiting factor and therefore looking for information on how golf goes on in the internet can be time consuming and thus it is easy when using this champion golf flash since it is only by a single click and all information is displayed. This flash will be linked to several internet website e.g. YouTube for the users to have a video watch on how golf is played. This also will save the user some money since it does not need to be bought. Champion golf flash evaluation There are several users in the family who are subject to use the champion golf flash and whom must be considered in the family. Unlike me being a professional golfer, my wife is not a golf fan; my oldest daughter loves games but plays tennis. However if may appear erroneous since my last born is a golfer but is not a fan, consequently my second born son does not play golf but is a good golf fan. Physical aspect This is the relation to feelings of the user on this champion golf flash which can be manipulated from one screen to another. A good example is when the user will feel happy and delighted by the presence of star players like tiger woods who is the best Golf international player. This will also bring excitement to the user especially when the team of stars are playing the game. These moments will make the user happy and make the champion golf flash to be exciting. However the physical interaction is very important in human computer interface since it improves the attention of the user in relation to what is being demonstrated. This kind of physical attraction makes user too like the application as well as the game being played by motivating them and even adding their morale on the game. Aesthetic aspect One of the main goal and target of this application is for the user to get interested and enjoy using it. The main presentation is linked to the major and attractive sites visited in the internet to give the user the best videos and pictorials for the related game. This videos and games raise the user’s level of enjoyment, this games and videos in the internet are always updated and the user will have an access of the current sports only. Eventually some of this graphics are funny picture of the players that they like most and this makes the users ha ppy and excited to use the champion golf flashy. Consequently, this makes the young users to gain more interest in this game and hence helps the user to understand more about the game. Quantative aspect The user will not be able to see all the presentation in the same day as this is more than what human can take. This is as a result of videos and images which keep on updating and changing on a daily basis. In this context, the users will have to keep on revisiting the presentation to find what is new in the game. The navigation between screens on Golf playing and its relations to different players, fields and different countries is more complex and this will take time to cover. World records keep on being broken and this will make the presentation change on the player’s information part leading to an update of a new record with a new player. This wills make the users to revisit a certain careen when a new record is set. Also my daughter like watching something twice for a dee p understanding and this will make her revisit the screens and this will consume time, my sons well likes watching videos and thus videos watching will consume a lot of time in order for one to have a good understanding. Ethical aspect In any application developed, on has to consider its ethical implications and values. In this context this presentation will help the user to increase the ethical interactions with the user since

Examining the Effectiveness of Self Directed Work Teams Assignment

Examining the Effectiveness of Self Directed Work Teams - Assignment Example In our day to day life, we undergo several tasks. We plan our task and try to implement it in an efficient manner. Thus we take several important decisions every day. But, what about our status while at our workplace? Do we have enough freedom to take our own decision there? Such questions have paved way for the development of â€Å"Self-directed work teams†. Wherever we go, whatever we do, we do in a team. Working in a team is basically built in with us. But still, there are certain important strategies which influence the rise or fall of a team.  The team, by itself, is a powerful force. A team behaves in a peculiar manner which moves toward a specific goal. The performance output given by a team is always ahead of that given by an individual. Generally, a team comprises of many people focussing on a specified target. The individuals in a team will be having individual skills. Thus a team is a collection of strengths and a good range of abilities. Because of this reason, i n a team, for every situation, there will be at least a person who can deal with it. Also in team flaws or pitfalls can easily be spotted and corrected. As there are many persons focussing on the same target they will be very cautious about every move and hence the mistake done by an individual will be easily found by another one. (Scholtes et al. 2003, 1) In an efficient team, the ultimate responsibility is rested on everyone’s shoulder. And the team is structured in such a way that whoever having strength in a specified area takes more responsibility in that area. One more interesting fact about a team is â€Å"Motivation†. A powerful motivating force is created amidst a good team. It never let its teammates go down. Also, it makes the team members feel proud to be a part of such a team. (West 2002, 9) Teams, also have another face for it. That is â€Å"Team conflict†. Conflicts are often mistaken within a team which is a bitter fact to be accepted. But confli cts too could turn desirable, provided the team members look into conflict as an outcome of indifference in their thoughts or views.     Ã‚  

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Education - Essay Example 369, 2010). For this reason, secondary schooling is vital to how successful the child is in the future, while he or she is gaining further knowledge or working hard to build a career. Recently, however, experts have observed a failure of schools to prepare their students for the future. They trace this failure down to specifically secondary schools, as the skills and confidence that they consider lacking in the adults of today, are those, which one is supposed to acquire in secondary school (Anderman and Maehr, pp. 287, 1994). One example of this failure was published in the press release in the UK, when FSB Education Chairman Collin Williams pointed out how, "The secondary school system is not producing enough sixteen year-olds that can hit the ground running on their first day in the world of work† (Politics.co.uk, 2007). He explained that he thinks that the British GCSE examination system helps to hide this failure until the student has graduated and is searching employment. However, the truth reveals itself once these students are employed and conducting their duties. The Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) reports the shocking statistics: almost ten percent of the businesses have trouble in finding people to hire who have the required mathematical and literacy skills. The recruits often need training after they are hired, so that they may be taught again, things that they were supposed to have learnt in secondary schools. Apart from this, the FSB also reports the woes of several businesses, who complain about the laws and regulations, which are governing these education policies. They say that when the government changes the minimum working age to eighteen, it should expect a benefit out of this only if it corrects the secondary school system first. According to them, these students will not stand any more a chance of pleasing their employers at the age of 18 than at the age of 16, if they will still receive schooling through the secondary schooling system. They suggest that the secondary schools keep in mind the requirements that the children’s future employers will have of them, before commencing to educate them. They raise this suggestion in the light of the fact that the students, which organizations are currently hiring were not educated with these requirements in mind, which is why they fail to please most employers who entrust them with jobs ((Politics.co.uk, 2007). In addition, one can deduce that the failure of a student to be able to do so can be traced down to the failure of his secondary school. This is because it was a function of the secondary school, as mentioned earlier, to prepare the student for his or her future, may it be as an employee or a university student. Moreover, if this is lacking in the student, then one may blame the secondary schools for this failure. Another aim, which a child has from secondary school, is the need to socialize. A child attends secondary school during the ages of 11 to 1 6 (Vlaardingerbroek, & Taylor, pp. 30, 2009). At this age, a child learns to meet new people, and discover the different kinds of people that are present around him. He starts to discover himself, and figures out what his personality is like. He learns about himself, learns to like himself enough to present himself to the world for acceptance. Equally important, he learns to accept and bear rejection. All of these processes are a significant part of growing up, and they are

The Bicycle sharing system in Los Angeles Essay

The Bicycle sharing system in Los Angeles - Essay Example Los Angeles should consider adopting the Bicycle Sharing System for 3 predominant reasons: pollution, traffic as well as public health issues . Los Angeles is one of the most populated cities in the world and the development in technology has allowed more people to enter Los Angeles. Thus, the region is overcrowded with a lot of people. Ostensibly, Los Angeles’ population keeps growing every year and might soon reach appalling and uncontrollable figures. Due to its huge population composed of affluent individuals, usage of personal vehicles creates the serious problems in pollution. Driving personal vehicle does not only impact negatively on the environments, but also leads to noise pollution thus hampering individuals’ ability to hear. A journal by Kenneth A. Small and Camilla Kazimi, mentions, â€Å"The costs of air pollution, noise, and other environmental damage are not precisely measurable †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The vehicles consume diesel, and the substances from burning diesel will make elements that would contribute to form acid rain. Snags such as air contamination or acid rain are fatal, and it takes a long time for the environment to recover from these pollutions . As the population keeps snowballing, the number of cars on the street would briskly increase. This means that these cars will make more components of acid rain, which will harm human the society in the near future. Thus, the adoption of the Bicycle Sharing System will bring the result of reduction in air pollution in the future.

The Psychological Challenges of Oppressed Women Regarding Charlotte Research Paper

The Psychological Challenges of Oppressed Women Regarding Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Yellow Wallpaper and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House - Research Paper Example The story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† deals with the horrible psychological transition of a woman in order to show how the society imposed restrictions can mutilate the psychological growth of women, whereas Ibsen’s play shows a woman’s struggle primarily to cope with the patriarchy’s expectation from women and her choice to tread a more perilous path of life, that is free of the patriarchal protection for women, in order to search for her own self. But these two authors have commonly vindicated that both parental and nuptial restrictions are detrimental to the harmonious psychological growth of women. That is, women’s struggle for their own selves must challenge the so-called male-imposed norms, rules and regulations in the name of women’s betterment. Yet the two texts have two different ends. In the conclusions while Gilman’s heroine is found to become psychologically deranged, Ibsen’s heroine Nora chooses to seek for her ide ntity defying the patriarchal protect in her husband’s house. II - Society’s Attitude towards Women’s Psychological illness in the 19th Century and its Influence on Gilman’s Writing Both â€Å"the Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"A Doll’s House† deal with the psychological challenges of women in the 19th century. ... Gilman shows that what Jane’s husband thought for her wellbeing ironically pushed towards the verge of madness and on the contrary, allowing Jane to walk on her own way could have saved her from her tragic end. Like Ibsen she also shows that the position of women in a male dominated society is rather harmful for them, though ironically their male counterpart means such restriction for the betterment of the female. a. Early views of Mental Illness Gilman’s story speaks more of the patriarchy’s attitudes towards women’s mental illness, in the 19th century, which was considered to be the result of extensive brainwork. Especially in women’s case, brainstorming was thought to be more detrimental to women’s psychology. Consequently women are commonly kept away from brainwork such as reading, writing, mass education, and from any other intellectual works. Indeed, the main line of the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has greatly been shaped b y a major event of Gilman’s life, as Thrailkill says, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper draws heavily on a particularly painful episode in Gilman’s own life† (67). In 1886 after the birth of her daughter, Gilman becomes a victim of severe depression. In a book, â€Å"The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman† Gilman admits that her â€Å"unbearable inner misery† is worsened by her husband’s presence. Her husband, Weir Mitchell, nervous specialist prescribed her â€Å"rest cure† or â€Å"forced inactivity† as her treatment that rather worsened her condition further (Gilman 79-82). All her condition was conveyed into the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. b. Doctors and early treatment The fact, whether the 19th century Doctor’s

Southem Star Corporation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Southem Star Corporation - Term Paper Example The cultural analysis undertaken includes a comparison of both cultures based on Hofstede’s four dimensions and Trompenaars’ universalism-particularism dimension. In addition, the communication styles are also compared and further peculiar cultural aspects are also discussed. It is found that power distance shows the greatest contrast between the two countries, which probably explains much of the miscommunication. In addition, the Moroccans are found to be more collectivistic, have stronger uncertainty avoidance, and in communication, are more indirect, implicit, affective and contextual. The consequences and implications are also discussed and recommendations are made based on these. Furthermore, there is a need for SSC to adapt to the Moroccan custom of hospitality and establishing close relationships, and most of all, to win the respect and trust of the Moroccan people. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Outline and rationale 5 1.2 Purpose of the report 5 1.3 Th eoretical basis 6 1.4 Scope of the report 6 2. Problems being faced 7 2.1 First problem: alleged intimidation of locals 7 2.2 Second problem: opposition from NGOs 8 2.3 Third problem: legal tensions 9 3. ... 1.1 Outline and rationale This report compares the organizational culture of Southern Star Corporation and its New Zealand management style with the culture of Morocco. It uses the MBI (Map-Bridge-Integrate) model and primarily Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions supplemented with appropriate dimensions from Trompenaar’s cultural model and other relevant aspects. Understanding the effect of culture on people’s behaviour is important because it helps to better manage them within a global context. It helps to know the norms of the target culture, the organisational climate and the suitable philosophy for relating with employees and customers. 1.2 Purpose of the report This report has been prepared as a direct response to the negative media reports on foreign companies mining in Morocco, and the subsequent decision by SSCs executive body to address the situation. As a cross-cultural management consultant for SSC, the main objective is to try to diffuse the situa tion through informing the company of the cultural aspects involved. Moreover, the aim is to help to create a socially responsible approach for the company to take with respect to its mining operation in the region with the involvement of the local population. 1.3 Theoretical basis The models used to explain the cultural differences highlighted in this report are grounded in international research on managers and workers. For example, Hofstede’s research is based on 116,000 IBM workers across 70 countries since the 1980s. The cultural profiles of nations are reflected in their management styles and practices. Trompenaars’ findings are also based on thorough research, on a survey of 15,000 managers across 28 countries and spanning a period of 10 years. 1.4 Scope of the report This report is focused on

Low acheiving Students Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Low acheiving Students - Assignment Example The theory of crystallized intelligence is important in accessing student abilities. Students’ abilities can be assessed through the ease of learning. Teachers have to regulate the learning abilities through intellectual gifts and talents ability (Hoy & Hoy, 2009). Students have different abilities which are referred to as different intelligences. Teachers must access the strength and ability of students based on their ability to develop original and advanced ideas. Strong students have ideas whose importance is lasting. Teachers can bring meaningful change into the learning abilities through being equipped with psychiatric fundamental skills. Since effective learning in multidimensional, teachers must be empowered to handle a variety of attitudes, and challenges that hamper learning. Swanson argues that this should be followed by outstanding training on how to implant knowledge when dealing with strong and weak students in a sustainable way. According to Hoy & Hoy, the ability of students should include artistic abilities, and creativity. Teachers should use support groups, background information and personality tests to teach students. Teachers track the progress and give regular reports based on a holistic analysis. Research shows the ability of students to learn is influenced my multiple factors. For teaching to be effective in inclusive classrooms, the causes of different reasoning and understanding abilities must be addressed through professional skills and parent, teacher, students’ action plans and conferences. This has to be done in a sustainable

Mathematics Educational Theories Essay Example for Free

Mathematics Educational Theories Essay My investigation has led me to think about lots of ideas that can be used with children in Early Years classroom as well as with KS1. Numbers displayed on telephone sets and remote controls are probably the first form of numbers in an order that young children come across with. Primarily, number lines 0 10 0 20, as a part of the 100 square can be used where children familiarise themselves with numbers and recognise the correct order of numbers. Number lines are very versatile. They can be of any size, for individual or whole- class use. They can start on any number. Blank number lines are infinitely adaptable; they can be used for counting calculations using all four number operations. They are a good way to practice and overlearn the number bonds to 20 that children need to be able to remember fluently. Visual counting pattern on number lines can help children to understand relative numbers and number sequences. Moving a step forward from the correct order of numbers, the children can identify and colour all the odd and even numbers and establish rules for recognition. When children are confident with bigger numbers, a large 100 square is ideal to work with the whole class to learn timetables, addition subtraction of larger numbers by counting numbers above it or below it. Children can also identify multiples of 2,3, 5, 10 and others by highlighting numbers in different colours and demonstrate sequential patterns. They can reverse the two digit numbers, read them and make new numbers. Problem solving activities such as pick a number between 0-10 or 0-20, double it and add 1, is very exciting as children manipulate with numbers at their own pace. Lots of different games can be introduced. Snakes Ladders, number dominions, dice games, dot to dot, finding the difference between two dices; place value cards are few examples. By playing and replaying a selection of games, children can practice to grapple ideas, number facts and concepts in a way that they can enjoy and strengthen skills at the same time. Active involvement aids their learning and enhances their attitude towards the subject. But it is important to focus on the particular learning target that the game is reinforcing. Hundred squares can be cut into several parts to form a jigsaw and children can be challenged to put the pieces together again. (See some activity ideas in the appendix)

Impact of American Dream on Identity in Literature

Impact of American Dream on Identity in Literature American dream is a fantasy to a lot of people however in both readings it is depicted as an unfulfilled dream which is constantly sought after by both local and non-local Americans. To portray all possible dimensions of this fascinating subject I would like to quote two readings in my analysis which are â€Å"Let America be America again†[1] by Langston Hughes and â€Å"American Dreamer†[2] by Bharti Mukherji. Let America Be America Again, (Verse 1) claims for atonement of the Dream that never was. It talks about the flexibility and correspondence which America brags, yet never had. It anticipates a day when Liberty is crowned with no false patriotic wreath (Verse 11-12) and America is that great strong land of love (Verse 7). Author is not restricting his request to the discouraged Negro; he also incorporates the foreigner, the poor white, laborer, the Indian, agriculturist, the people (Verse 32) impart the Dream that has not been. The Dream still signals. In Freedoms Plow he brings up that America is a dream (Verse 76) and the result of the seed of opportunity is for all Americans as well as for all the world. The American Dream of fraternity, opportunity, and majority rules system must go to all people groups and all races of the world, he demands. The American Dream has showed up as a worn out, uneven, splotched, and frequently unattainable objective which regularly turned into a bad dream, yet there is dependably any desire for the satisfied dream even in the darkest minutes. All through the ballad, Hughes contrasts his trusts for America with the truth of life for those outside of the socially and monetarily predominant racial, religious, and social gatherings. He inspires the intense longs for the individuals who went to the United States on the grounds that they saw it as a paradise where they could be sheltered from the mistreatment they persisted in their countries however those fantasies of America have never materialized. Same is the situation with second reading perusing by Bharati Mukherjee who discusses her perspectives as a worker. Originating from India and her town Faridpur, Mukherjee advising Americans and foreigners to look to the new American society and dont be impeded by old traditions. Mukherjee discusses being friendless and separated from her establishes while in Canada where the populace is not as with the exception of. In her words they resists culture fusion I concur with her announcements on Canada and think the U.S. while it is known for racial and social tolerance is underrated on the world stage. Having all criticism, authors are hopeful for better prospects as a result of endeavored struggle in upcoming future. The sonnet â€Å"Let America be America again† starts with Hughes longing for America to be the America it once was; on the other hand, he remarks harshly, this picture of America is patently false. The most punctual Americans honed subjugation and persecution, efficiently pulverizing the lands local people groups to assemble their settlements. The perfect of America exists just in dreams, Hughes clarifies. Notwithstanding, he asks, Let America be the dream that dreamers dreamed- / Let it be that great strong land of love / Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme. (Verse 6-8) For destitute, Native Americans, slaves, and workers, American has just ever been a dog eat dog world where the frail are crushed. The humble, hungry, mean residents dont get to drink from the mug of bounty; in spite of diligent work and aspiration, they will dependably stay outside the edges of achievement and solace. The speaker steps back almost instantly and recognizes that numerous visionaries came to America with the trust of cutting out an equivalent bit of riches and acknowledgement. The challenging were compelling, Hughes shouts, and he commends the visionaries who dreamt a dream so strong, so brave, so true. (Verse 39) The outcasts from Ireland, Poland, England, and significantly all the more along these Verses, the African slaves, landed in America on the grounds that they had no other decision. Then again, considerably in the wake of building the establishment of this homeland of the free, its wealth stay beyond their control. The speaker shouts out that the Negros, workers, and destitute must ascend and reclassify American equity as it was constantly intended to be. He states decidedly, We must take back our land again, / America! (Verse 70) Even if America is currently presently tormented by separation and voracity, the speaker (and Hughes) accept that it can be made strides. Consequently, the ballad closes on a hopeful, effective note of determination toward oneself and diligence. In â€Å"American Dreamer†, Mukherjee felt that the switch between an outside understudy and U.S. national was a huge change. She likewise says that she considers being an American resident important. I imagine that there is a noteworthy contrast in points of view toward citizenship between individuals who worker here and individuals whos families have known only the Americas. Like Mukherjee says, I became a citizen by choice, not by simple accident of birth. (American Dreamer, Mukherjee) She looks down on individuals who were given American citizenship (by conception) and dont admire it or grasp it. She adds to the multiculturalism that is so fundamental in the accomplishment of the United States. II chose to describe myself on my own terms, as an American, rather than as an Asian-American. Why is it that hyphenation is imposed only on nonwhite Americans? Rejecting hyphenation is my refusal to categorize the cultural landscape into a center and its peripheries; it is to demand that the American nation deliver the promises of its dream and its Constitution to all its citizens equally. (American Dreamer, Mukherjee) In this section Mukherjee truly demonstrates her imperviousness to the average foreigners who may call themselves Asian-American rather than simply an American. Mukherjee rejects this hyphenation. She accepts she is equivalent to all other American residents whether she was conceived in American or not. Mukherjee has an intense tone in this section. She is deciding to portray herself on her own terms (American Dreamer, Mukherjee). She decides to call herself an American and is extremely pleased to do this. She realizes that she merits all the rights and benefits that a local American merits. Later Mukherjee communicates her fervor about as a country we have not just the opportunity to hold those qualities we prize from our unique societies additionally the opportunity to recognize that the external types of those qualities are liable to change. Folks express fury or depression to a few parts of Indian society. Mukherjee might want to ask those folks this, What is it we have lost if our children are acculturating into the culture in which we are living? Is it so terrible that our children are discovering or are inventing homelands for themselves?† (American Dreamer, Mukherjee) She is recognizing that America has changed her. She says that it doesnt end until she demonstrates that she alongside the countless workers like her are moment by moment changing America. This change is a two-way transform that influences both the individual and the country social personality. Both of the above mentioned readings portray that American dream of millions has changed their identity as well. Their old identities had been lost somewhere on the way to their American dream. The only thing they left now is just their American identity. Both authors are hopeful and courageous regarding prosperous future of immigrants who endeavor to move to America for the sake of their American dream and American identities. [1] Hughes, L. (1935), Let American be America Again, retrieved from http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/let-america-be-america-again. [2] Mukherjee, B., (1997), â€Å"American Dream†, Mother Jones.

Synthesis of Closantel Experiment

Synthesis of Closantel Experiment Abstract:- The paper describes the synthesis of Closeted. It is used as an anthelmintic i.e. an agent that destroys or causes the expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms so it is used as Anti-worm drug. The synthesis of Closantel was carried out using four different hydrotropes. The effect of various hydrotropes on yield, rate constant and activation energy at various temperatures and concentrations are studied. Keywords :- Hydrotropes, Xylene sulfonic acid (XSA), Cumene sulfonic acid (CSA), (n-BBSA): n-Butyl benzene sulfonic acid (n-BBSA), Isobutyl benzene sulfonic acid (I-BBSA), 1H NMR, IR. Introduction:- Almost a Century ago Carl Neuberg1 conceptualized one such area in the form of hydrotropy. After a dormancy period of about eight decades this exciting field sprung back into the chemical limelight and today it is regarded as one of the frontiers in the field of applied organic chemistry. The pioneer Carl Neuberg baptized this phenomenon as Hydrotropy or Hydrotropism.1,2 It is enhancement in the solubility of organic molecules in water, which otherwise are sparingly soluble or totally insoluble.3-6 Hydrotropes or hydrotropic agents are defined as the compounds which possess the property of solubility enhancement of other compounds. Hydrotropes are surface active, highly water soluble organic salts, which when present at high concentration, can solubilise the otherwise insoluble or sparingly soluble organic compounds in water. Hydrotropes can be differentiated from common surfactants in terms of their hydrofobicity i.e. hydrotopes are poorly hydrophobic as compared to surfactants. The performance of hydrotropic solutions is found to be efficient, usually at higher concentration ranging from 0.2M to 1.0M. At concentration above 1.0M ‘salting out effect’ is observed. In the present study, the researchers intend to study the aromatic hydrotropes, especially the aromatic sulphonates which are considered to be superior to the aliphatic counterparts as they are thermally stable and have higher affinity. Hydrotrops are readily biodegradable in water under areobic conditions studies with cummene , tolune and xylene7. This ecofriendly methodology where hydrotropes demonstrate a low level of toxicity on aquat ic life Xylene and cumene sulfonates ( ammonium , calcium and sodium salts) have no acute toxicity towards fish and invertebrates at concentrations tested (> 318 mg/L )7. The scientists around the globe are adopting environment friendly techniques to conserve flora (environment) fauna (animal life), also to manufacture synthesize molecules useful to mankind. Carcinogenicity studies reported for both rats and mice exposed to sodium xylene sulfonate Hydrotropes demonstrated no carcinogenic reponse.7 One of the great advantage of Hydrotropes is the reusability of solvent media without operations such as distillation etc. there by reducing operation cost, Hence it is an alternate media to organic solvents include water, ionic liquids, supercritical solvents ,hydrotropic solutions etc.8 Hydrotropic solution are non toxic shows no hazards of flammability hence consider as safer solvents. The compatibility of aqueous hydrotropic solutions as safer solvents for microwave assisted reactions has been studied.9 So there is now a realization that more benign chemical synthesis is required as an integral part of developing sustainable technologies 10. Efforts have been made to carry out studies on Hydrotropes as effective reaction media for the certain organic reactions. Reaction Scheme:- The reaction of 3, 5-diiodosalicyloyl chloride with 5–Chloro–4–[(4–chlorophenyl) cyanomethyl]–2–methyl aniline was conducted in aqueous hydrotropic solutions to yield the titled product which was tested for purity. Hydrotropes used are: (XSA): Xylene sulfonic acid (CSA): Cumene sulfonic acid (n-BBSA): n-Butyl benzene sulfonic acid (I-BBSA): Isobutyl benzene sulfonic acid Experimental Procedure: In a 500 mls 3-necked flask fitted with a stirrer, thermowell and an addition funnel, were added (0.01 moles) of 5–Chloro–4– [(chlorophenyl)–cyanomethyl]–2–methyl aniline, followed by the addition of (0.01 moles) of 3, 5–diiodosalicyloyl chloride at room temperature dissolved in aqueous solutions of the hydrotrope Xylene sulfonic acid. After the reaction mixture was stirred at 303K and 323K for 8 hours. . The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC for the completion of reaction. On cooling at room temperature the product precipitated out from the reaction medium and was washed with demineralised water in order to make it free from the traces of the hydrotropic solution adhering to it. The product was then purified and dried in a vacuum drier. The qualitative estimation of the product was done by TLC using the following system. Chloroform: Methanol (9:1).The product was found to be pure without the traces of either of the starting materials. This is because of the selective solubilization of the reactants which helps to maintain them in the hydrotropic medium. The product N [5–Chloro–4–[(4–chlorophenyl) cyan methyl ] –2–methyl phenyl]–2–hydroxyl–3, 5–diiodobenzamide has a melting point/boiling point of 217.8 °C. Similar reactions were carried out using other Hydrotropes such as Cumene Sulfonic Acid, n-Butyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid and Isobutyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid. The concentration range utilized for these hydrotropes was from 0.2 Mol/dm ³ to 1.0 Mol/dm ³. Higher concentration of hydrotropes was avoided due to the salting out of the hydrotropes from the water which is an inherent property of these salts. Experimental : Melting point are uncorrected. 1H NMR spectra were recorded at 300 MHz on a Varian spectrometer and IR spectra on a Shimadzu FT/IR-4200 instrument. Chromatographic System : Column chromatography : For column chromatography 100 – 200 mesh Acme grade silica gel was used. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield crude mass which was preadsorbed on silica gel and purified by column chromatography with increase in concentration of Ethyl acetate in Petroleum ether. The fractions having similar ‘Rf† values were pooled together, concentrated and subjected for characterization using various spectroscopic techniques. Thin layer chromatography : TLC plates were prepared using silica gel G (ACME, Mumbai). Pet. Ether : EtOAc (85 : 15) was used as the solvent system. Radial chromatography : The circular glass plates of thickness 1 mm, were prepared by using silica gel (PF254, E. MERCK, 50 g) in cold distilled water (105 ml). For elution, gradually increasing concentrations of EtOAc in pet ether were employed. Results: The effect of hydrotrope concentration and temperature on the yield of N [5 – Chloro – 4 – [(4 – chlorophenyl) cyanomethyl] – 2 – methyl phenyl] – 2 – hydroxy – 3, 5 – diiodo It involves the amidation of 3, 5–diiodo salicyloyl chloride. The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen of amine attacks the carbonyl radical there by liberating the chloride radical in the form of HCl giving the desired amide. This amidation reaction is effected with two iodide group in meta position to the reacting species. The phenomenon of hydrotropy was applied to this synthesis and its effect on yield and reaction dynamics was studied. The hydrotrope used are Xylene sulfonic acid (XSA), Cumene sulfonic acid (CSA), n-Butyl benzene sulfonic acid (n-BBSA), and Isobutyl benzene sulfonic acid (I-BBSA). The percentage yield obtained for all the four hydrotropes are tabulated in tables VIII (a) to VIII (d) respectively. It was observed that percentage yield increased from 12.4% to 50.5% at 303K and 17.2% to 56.5% at 323K for XSA. Similarly percentage yield increased from 14.4% to 54% at 303K and from 20.6% to 60.2% at 323K for hydrotrope CSA. For hydrotrope n-BBSA the percentage yield increased from 16% to 70.5% at 303K and from 22.4% to 76% at 323K.For the hydrotrope I-BBSA the percentage yield increased from 20% to 73.7% at 303K and from 26.6% to 80% at 323K. These were in accordance with the fact that the hydrophobicity of I-BBSA was more than that of XSA, CSA and n-BBSA and the reactants are soluble to a greater extent in I-BBSA.The kinetics of this reaction was studied and rate constant K1 and K2 for temperatures 303K and 323K were calculated for all four hydrotropic solutions. The value of K1 and K2 obtained are recorded in the tables VIII (e) to VIII (h). For the hydrotrope XSA the value of K1 and K2 increased from 0.0459 to 0.2442 at 303K and from 0.0655 to 0.2898 at 323K. Similarly for CSA the rate constant value increased from 0.0539 to 0.2696 at 303 and from 0.0801 to 0.3199 at 323K. For the hydrotrope n-BBSA the values of K1 and K2 increased from 0.0605 to 0.4239 at 303K and from 0.0880 to 0.4955 at 323K. For the hydrotrope I-BBSA the values of rate constants K1 and K2 are more than that of XSA, CSA and n-BBSA. It increased from 0.0774 to 0.4638 at 303K and from 0.1073 to 0.5588 at 323K. From above data it is observed that rate constant went on increasing as the concentration of hydrotropes increased. The activation energy for various concentrations of hydrotropes was tabulated in VIII (e) to VIII (h). The activation energy dropped from 1.4432 to 0.6966 for hydrotrope XSA and from 1.6119 to 0.6965 for hydrotrope CSA. Similarly the value of activation energies dropped for the n-BBSA from 1.5245 to 0.6357 and for I-BBSA it decreased from 1.3291 to 0.7589 as the concentration of hydrotrope increased. The decrease in activation energy as hydrotrope concentration increased suggest that these hydrotropes also provide some catalytic assistance in shifting the equilibrium towards the product. Conclusion:- It is evident from the above scheme that at lower hydrotrope concentration, the solubility of organic solutes is less thereby yielding less product. At lower concentration of hydrotrope, the quantity of water is substantially large thereby the reaction are not favorable also resulting in less yields. At higher concentration of hydrotrope, the quantity of water is less and the reaction solubility is more and hence the yields are much better. It is also seen in the above experiment that for lower hydrotrope concentrations the time required for the completion of all reaction is more than that of the time required for a higher hydrotrope concentration.

Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay -- Charles Dickens Hard Times Essays

Charles Dickens' Hard Times Charles Dickens’s novel Hard Times critiques the use of extreme utilitarianism as an acceptable means to governing a society in which citizens are able to lead happy, productive, flourishing lives. â€Å"Just the facts,†19th century English utilitarianism argued, are all one needs to flourish. Those answers that we can arrive at by way of mathematical, logical reasoning are all needed to live a full human life. Hard Times shows however that a â€Å"just the facts† philosophy creates a community inhospitable to the needs of one another, a society nearly void of human compassion, and one lacking in morality. Underlying the novel’s argument is the Aristotelian concept that the primary purpose of government is to correctly educate citizens in morality and, consequentially, to cultivate an upright social environment where all are inspired to flourish. How fitting, then, that early in the novel we are introduced to Thomas Gradgrind, educator and owner of the M’choakumchild school where â€Å"just the facts† are taught and the apotheosis of 19th century English utilitarianism. Although â€Å"Gradgrind intellect† is calculated to be the best way to maximize happiness, in the M’choakumchild class room it soon becomes clear that its adherents are the most unhappy and immoral in Coketown, even more so than the â€Å"Hands† who suffer from its cruelty indirectly. If the purpose of the state is to cultivate moral individuals who are able to flourish together, the state built on utilitarian values inevitably fails. Part of the inadequacy of utilitarianism and its statistical approach to addressing human problems is its objective, mass-quantity view of people. Gradgrind’s description alone captures the disconnected nature and col... ...human nature† makes for a bare-bones human existence, replete with crime, immorality, greed, and as especially demonstrated in Louisa’s case, unhappiness. Mr. Sleary’s compassion gives voice to Dickens’s hope for a more unselfish perspective on human motivation. His critique concludes that the success of government lies in realistically evaluating humanity in all of its general and idiosyncratic tendencies. As Nussbaum says in her essay, Dickens does not call for a â€Å"relativistic† approach to governance but one more in touch with the realities and complexities of being human. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Ed. Fred Kaplan and Sylvà ©re Monod. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2001. Nussbaum, Martha C. â€Å"The Literary Imagination in Public Life.† Hard Times. Ed. Fred Kaplan and Sylvà ©re Monod. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2001. 429-439.

Childhood Influences Impact the Writing of F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay

Childhood Influences Impact the Writing of F. Scott Fitzgerald On Wednesday February 12 of 1890 F. Scott Fitzgerald's parents were married in Washington D.C. Six years later on September 24, 1896 Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born at his home 481 Laurel Ave. in St. Paul, Minnesota. His two infant older sisters had died from a violent influenza so that by the time Fitzgerald came along Mollie Fitzgerald had become the proverbial nightmare that known as an overprotective mother. Fitzgerald's mother was no traditional mother though, for she was known for her eccentricities. These eccentricities disturbed young Scott's life, "Fitzgerald later described his mother as 'half insane with pathological nervous worry'" (Bruccoli 15), but nothing worried anyone in the family so much as his father's failure to hold down a job. It was because his father lost his job as a wicker furniture manufacturer and salesman the family was forced to move from St. Paul to Buffalo in April of 1898, where his father began work for Proctor and Gamble. In January of 1901 the family moved from Buffalo to Syracuse where Edward had been transferred by his employer and where, on Sunday July 21, 1901 Scott's younger sister Annabel was born. Just two years later the family was back in Buffalo and just five years after that the family had returned to St. Paul and Grandma McQuillan's money. Grandma, born Louisa McQuillan, was a widow. Her husband Phillip Francis McQuillan was a man of Irish ancestry who had been a successful business man and grocer and when he died at age 43 he left behind a good $500,000 dollars to the family. Because of their financial problems the Fitzgerald family was often reliant on family money to survive. The Fitzgera... ...-occupation with glamour describe some of the main themes of his writing and indeed were some of the main themes of his childhood. Works Cited Bruccoli, Matthew J. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1981 Caudle, Bill. "F. Scott Fitzgerald Walking Tour of St. Paul, MN". January 8, 2003. September 9, 2003 <http://home.att.net/~caudle/fscotwlk.htm> Prigozy, Ruth. "The Fitzgeralds". F. Scott Fitzgerald Society. September 9, 2003. <http://www.zeldafitzgerald.com/fitzgeralds/index.asp> The Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. "Quotations". January 28, 1997. University of South Carolina. September 9, 2003 <http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/quotes/quotes1.html>

John Donnes Loves Alchemy Essay -- John Donne Poetry Poems Analysis

John Donne's Love's Alchemy In 'Love's Alchemy,'; John Donne sets up an analogy between the Platonists, who try, endlessly, to discover spiritual love, and the alchemists, who in Donne’s time, tried to extract gold from baser metals. This analogy allows Donne to express his beliefs that such spiritual love does not exist and those who are searching for it are only wasting their time. Donne cleverly uses language that both allows the reader to see the connections between the alchemists and the Platonists and that allows for a more sexual interpretation of the piece. The poem opens with two lines that lay the groundwork for the analogy and that have a sexual implication. The word â€Å"digged'; and the image of â€Å"love’s mine';, obviously allow for the comparison between the Platonist’s and the alchemists. Donne explains that some have experienced more love than he has, and, in having done so, have penetrated â€Å"deeper'; into â€Å"love’s hidden mystery,'; that is, they have reached a point beyond sensual love where they have found it’s true â€Å"centric'; or essential happiness. This would be analogous to alchemists, who, after many attempts, have been able to extract gold from other metals. Due to the diction that Donne uses and the manner in which he expresses himself in these two lines, it is possible to extract their sexual meaning that serves to ridicule the claims and means of the Platonists as well as the alchemists. The words â€Å"digged love’s mine'; can be interpreted as...

Stanley Park

City of Kelsey – Stanley Park Project Rachelle Bittle Abstract The City of Kelsey is considering and requesting community input on the propanol of the Stanley Park Project. This project is a park that will cover 60 city acres that will serve community members of all ages. City of Kelsey – Stanley Park Project The City of Kelsey is a community of 600,000 people. Geographically Kelsey covers over 200 square miles and is bordered by a river on one side and farmlands on another. Kelsey has a median age of 32 with a household size of 2. . (Apollo, 2011) The City of Kelsey was incorporated 78 years ago. Suburbs that house the headquarters of a major shipping company surround the City. The major services of Kelsey are the Cities Administrative Services, Police, Fire, Community Services and Development Services. Kelsey has a school district that houses over 71,000 students and employees over 90 employees. (Apollo, 2011) The proposal of the Stanley Park Project aligns with Kelse y’s goals to have to amenities of a big city while keeping the small town charm.They Stanley Park project would occupy 60 acres with in the city limits that would be accessible by one controlled city street. The city has some very important values. The city has Public Trust, Customer Service, Employees and Continuous Improvement as values that they have committed to. Stanley Parks setup has that large city feel. The park would include amenities to suite any community member’s desire. The park would include a police substation, dog parks, Volleyball courts, tennis courts, basketball courts, Aquatic Facility, Community Center and an outdoor area equipped with playground and picnic area. The administration of Kelsey will have to make sure that financially that Kelsey can stay up with the up keep of this project. The project seems to have many great things to offer the public. When presented to the public they will need to make sure that they focus on the services this par k will provide to the communities children and senior population. References Apollo Group (2011) City of Kelsey. [ONLINE] Available at: https://ecampus. phoenix. du/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Government/KelseyCity/docs/CityofKelseyCAFRJune2005V2. pdf. [Last Accessed November 25, 2012]. Apollo Group (2011). City of Kelsey. [ONLINE] Available at: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Government/KelseyCity/citygovernment. asp. [Last Accessed November 25, 2012]. Lowndes, V. , & Leach, S. (2004). Understanding Local Political Leadership: Constitutions, Contexts and Capabilities. Local Government Studies, 30(4), 557-575. doi:10. 1080/0300393042000333863

Influence of Rules and Regulation on Public Sector Accounting Practice

Title: Rules And Regulation In Public Sector Accounting. Date / Time: 07 October 2012 (Monday) / 4:00 Pm Location: Room Spk308, Othman Yeop Abdullah Building (School Of Accounting. ) Guest: Student Of Public Sector Accounting Group C Agenda: Influence Of Rules And Regulation On Public Sector Accounting Practise. Last Sunday, we are discussing about the rule and regulation regarding Public Sector Accounting Practice. On that day, we are discussing about the article in federal law which on part VII (Financial Provision).Initially, we must know about the establishment history of the Federal Constitution. Federal Constitution it’s also known it as the Malaysian Constitution. It is the written legal documentation that it’s formed based on two previous documents of the Federation of Malaya Independence Constitution of 1948 and 1957. The legal drafted based on the advice of Reid Commission. Federal Constitution consists of several different parts. Public Sector Accounting Practice is related to part VII in the Federal Constitution.These VII parts consist of several articles. The article starts from Article 96 until Article 112. This segment is focus on the financial provision for the government and state. Article 96, Indicates that no money can be raised by taxation or rates, nor can it be spent (except) under the authority of the federal law. Article 97, all revenues and monies raised or received by the Federal government shall be paid to the Federal Consolidated Fund and all revenues and monies received by the state shall be paid to the State Consolidated Fund.Article 98, Indicates that expenditure charge to the Federal Consolidated Fund include grant, remuneration of the royalties, pensions, debt charges, money to pay for court judgment. Next Article 99, Annual financial statements require the federal government to prepare and submit to the Parliament, statements of estimated receipts and estimated expenditure of the following year before the commencement of that year. Also requires federal government to submit statement of assets and liabilities of last financial year.Article 100, Supply Bills indicates that expenditure to be met from the consolidated fund excluding charged expenditure shall be included in a bill known as Supply Bill. Article 101, if the amo unt appropriated (approved) by the Supply Act is insufficient, a supplementary budget can be prepared and submitted to Parliament. Article 102, Expenditure of unusual urgency not is included in the approved budget; it needs to be approved by Parliament. Article 103, The purpose of the Contingencies Fund is to meet urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exist.Article 104, Withdrawals from Consolidated Funds regulates payment for charged expenditure authorized by Supply Act and also Article 102. Article 105, Auditor General is appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Council of Rulers and is eligible for reappointment. Article 106, The Auditor General will perform such other duties as specified by the King on accounts of federal, states and other public authorities. Article 107, the audit report should be submitted to the King to be laid in the Parliament.The states accounts’ and other state autho rities should be submitted to the state ruler for presentation to the State Legislative Assembly. Article 109, Grants for States indicates that Federal government shall make to each state a grant, capitation grant. Article 110, Assignment of Taxes and Fees to the States, each state will receive portion of taxes collected within the states which receive 10% of export duties of mineral produced by states. Article 111, The Federation shall not borrow except under the authority of federal law and state.Last Article 112, Restrict alternation by states to any addition to its establishment or the establishment of any of its department or alter the rates of established salaries and emoluments. DISCUSSION: We have conducted a discussion in the class. Before starting the presentation, we already began the discussion session. We ask the students to give their opinion about article 96 until article 112. one of our friends, Noor Amiera binti Jaafar gave her opinion regarding article number 97. S he said, â€Å"Federal Constitution related to government financial.Example Article 97, subject to federal constitution, all revenue came from state will be accounted to the state government†. Besides Noor Amiera, the others member also provides their own opinion like, Teoh Vin Sen he said state government will collect the money and revenue from state if under the federal government. Last but not least our friends Yap Kit Yeng, she gave an opinion regarding article number 96, and she said the federal government will collect the revenue from taxation. SUGGESTION: 1.We suggest that it’s compulsory for every student to read the book before they came to the class in order to improve their participation. Moreover by reading before they came to the class, the objective of Student Centred Learning because they can give their own opinion about the discussed topics. 2. Each group should be more confident when they want to do the presentation. Besides that, the presenter must ma ke slide presentation clear. 3. Student should give the full attention when the presenter present about their chapter. Besides that, the presenter must point to the audience when they want the answer.

Ancient Polytheistic Religion Compared to Judaism

Ancient polytheistic religion compared to Judaism Ancient polytheistic and Judaism are two of the most opposite beliefs possible. Polytheistic belief is the belief in more than just one god. Polytheism was brought to this world by the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks. The Greek gods often took on the form of being humans while the Egyptian gods were the main cornerstone to their beliefs and religion. Judaism or the belief of Monotheism is the belief in one main god. Monotheism we brought to the world by the Jewish culture. It was originated from the Hebrew bible and is one of the oldest religions still living today.Judaism was a monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical ideas embodied mainly in the Torah and the Talmud. The Torah and the Talmud are part of the sacred book of the Jews which is the bible. The first civilization appeared to have arisen in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was founded by a group of people called the Sumerians during the fourth mil lennium B. C. E. It lies in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The Sumerians and their successors were polytheistic which means they worshiped many gods and goddesses. Their Gods and Goddesses were visualized in human form, with human needs and weaknesses.The Mesopotamians believed that the human race was created to serve the gods. The Mesopotamian temples were run like great households where the gods were fed fantastic meals, entertained with music, and honored with ritual. The Mesopotamians had a very gloomy picture of the afterworld. They were confined to a dusty dark netherworld, doomed with hunger and thirst unless someone offered them food or drink. There was no reward in being religious because everyone was in equal misery. Religion played a huge part in the literature and art of Mesopotamia.Poems were told of the deeds of the gods, like how the world was created. Also poems were told of the great hero king Gilgamesh, who tried to escape death by going on a journey to find the sole survivor of the great flood. The religious architecture was in the form of temples in the cities. As the Mesopotamian civilization rose up in the valley of Tigris and Euphrates, the Egyptian civilization was centered on the Nile River. The Egyptians were also a polytheistic religion, in that they believed in many gods. Egyptian Gods have human bodies, with human or animal heads, and wear crowns or thorns.Egyptian Gods were gods of different things such as the sky, sun, earth, and music. The Egyptians worship took place at small shrines; they left offerings to the chosen gods as well as simple prayers. The Egyptians believed that there afterlife was full of dangers, but those dangers could be overcame by magical spells in the Book of the Dead. Also the Egyptians believed in the preservation of the body and that it was essential for the afterlife. The Hittites were an Indo-European, speaking a language that was related to the Greek and Sanskrit.The Hittites adopted Mesopotamian writi ng along with many other aspects of the Mesopotamian culture, including polytheism. The discovery of iron was found in the Hittites region, somewhat before the creation of their kingdom. The discovery led to the making of iron weapons and tools rather than copper ones. The Discovery of the iron led to the beginning of the Iron Age. Other ancient societies that were polytheistic were the Persians, and the Assyrians. The Israelites possessed little worldly power or wealth, but they created a powerful religion, known as Judaism which is a form of monotheism.Judaism was the first and the longest lasting form of monotheism in a world of polytheism. Judaism is a part of two other religions that have played a big role in the history of the world, Christianity and Islam. Monotheism is the belief in one universal god, who was the creator and ruler of the universe. The Jewish God is neither a natural force nor like human beings, or any other kind of creature; he is so elevated that those who believe in him may not picture him in any form. I personally best relate to Judaism and believing in one single god because I practice the religion of Christianity.I believe the words of the bible and how God is said to have created all forms of life and all things. I grew up in a religious family where we attended masses weekly on Sunday mornings and prayed before and after our meals. I believe that the religion you have been raised up into plays a huge role on your worldview that you best identify with. Along with your family I also believe it’s your own personal ethics that play a role in your worldview of religion. Your ethics are based on what you believe is right or wrong.In my religion of being a Catholic, I believe that God created all things and sent Adam and Eve to represent him in man form. I also believe that Jesus Christ died on the cross, rose to heaven and then came back to earth for human salvation and to save us from sin. The reason I don’t believe in Polytheism is because I find it hard to believe that there would be gods for many different parts of our world. I also think that if a God is suppose to be worshipped and treated like an all-mighty that there should only be one person or God treated with the most significant amount of respect.

Human Observation

Mobile phones are conveniences but can impinge on the privacy of other people. Generally every place of public interaction regulates that people should switch of their mobile phones. However it is observed that this code of conduct is constantly violated. (Ralph, 2002). Repeated violations of this prime principle of mobile phone etiquette have led to its inclusion time and again in all dictums on the subject. (Briody, 2005). People generally tend to avoid switching off mobile phones in, â€Å"no cell phone calls† zone due to anxiety or fear of losing contact with the support group. II. Theory.Despite accepting the necessity of switching off mobile phones in public places, people do not comply with the same resulting in avoidable irritation. This violation of modern etiquette is an increasing trend. (Morgan, 2001). Constant connectivity provided by a utilitarian communication device creates unprecedented dependency on mobile phone in users, the absence of which leads to anxiety . Thus people tend to avoid switching off mobile phones in public places. III. Hypothesis. Students entering the library on the college campus will not switch of their mobile phones on entry as required by the library code of conduct.The scope of the study is restricted to students entering the Library and not to college professors or other staff. Library Code of Conduct. Library code of conduct requires mobile phones to be switched off to prevent disturbing fellow students. Adopting the silent, meeting or vibrator mode on the phone does not construe as switching off the mobile phone as the user can receive an indication of a call and would be tempted to converse on the phone leading to disturbance to other library users. IV.Procedure or Methodology. The investigator placed himself in the main hall of the library during the week end on Saturday and Sunday during the library working hours from 1000 hours to 1400 hours on both days. An assistant was placed in the second reading room o n the first floor during the same time to record findings. They could visually see a student on entrance and thus note whether he had put off his mobile phone or not. They could also hear ring tone of mobile phone in their respective areas.The investigator also arranged to obtain mobile phone numbers of all students based on their library records for this investigation against an integrity certificate that this information would not be used for any other purpose. The investigators noted the name of the student who was not seen switching off his mobile phone on entry in the library and having tallied his phone number from library records awaited for a ring tone on the subject’s mobile phone.After passage of one hour, the investigator(s) rang up the mobile phone number of the student carrying the phone without switching off and who had not received a call to confirm that he was indeed carrying his phone and had not switched it off. A tally sheet was used to record details of st udents who visited the library during the period, students who had switched off the mobile phone on entry, those who had not switched off the phone and received a call, those who were called by the investigators and responded, those called by the investigators and who did not respond.The gender and term record of students was also maintained. V. Results. 52 Students used the library on Saturday and 48 students used the library on Sunday from 1000 hours to 1400 hours on each day. The results of students observed on Saturday indicated that 13 students switched off their mobile phones on entering the library, 34 students attended the calls including 28 student’s calls not initiated by the investigators and 6 student’s calls initiated by the investigators. 5 students did not attend any calls in the library and presumably did not carry mobile phones.(Baseline Information Observation, 2006). The result of students observed on Sunday indicated that 11 students switched off th eir mobile phones on entering the library, 33 students attended the calls including 24 student’s calls not initiated by the investigators and 9 student’s calls initiated by the investigators. Only 4 students did not attend any calls in the library. The gender pattern of 13 students who had switched off their mobile phones on Saturday indicated that 9 were female and 4 were male. While of the 11 students on Sunday, 8 were female and 3 were male.The gender pattern of 34 students who attended calls on Saturday indicated that 22 were female and 12 were male. While of the 33 students who attended calls on Sunday 19 were female and 14 were male. The term pattern of the 13 students who had switched off their mobile phones on Saturday indicated that 9 were IInd term or higher and 4 were first term students. The term pattern of students who had switched off their mobile phones on Sunday indicated that 8 were IInd Term or higher and 3 were first term students.The Term pattern of the 34 students who attended calls on Saturday indicated that 21 were first term students and the remainder were IInd Term or higher. The Term pattern of students who attended calls on Sunday indicated that 15 were first term students while remainder were IInd Term or higher. VI. Discussion The results of students who had switched off telephones analyzed from gender pattern indicate that on Saturday 69 percent and on Sunday 72 percent were female. While the gender pattern of those attending calls on Saturday indicated that 65 % were female and 35 % male and on Sunday 58 % were female and 42 % male.The term pattern of students who had switched off mobile phones indicated that only 30 percent were first term students and the balance were IInd Term or higher on both days. While those who attended calls indicated that 61 % were first term student and the remainder were IInd Term or higher. A review of the results has proved the hypothesis that students entering the library on the colle ge campus will not switch of their mobile phones on entry as required by the library code of conduct. The results clearly indicate that a majority of students did not switch off their mobile phones on entering the library.This percentage was 75 % on Saturday and 77 % on Sunday. Of those who had not switched off their mobile phones in the library, 87 % attended to a call in the library violating norms on Saturday and 89 % on Sunday. The review of the gender pattern and the term pattern of students indicates that the tendency amongst females to switch off mobile phones was higher than males while first term students were prone not to switch off their sets on entering library. On the other hand amongst those who attended to calls in the library, a majority were female and first term students.This supports the premise that there is a possible link between the level of anxiety and tendency not to switch mobile phones on entering a no calls zone for fear of losing contact with the support group even for a limited period of time thereby missing important information or happening in their lives. The first term and female students are considered more vulnerable amongst the student community. The results attained could not be discussed directly with the participants to further seek their underlying assumptions and reasons for not switching off mobile phones and attending to calls in the library.This would have added greater credibility to the research but due to constraints could not be done so. Behavior Change VII. State the Problem. Observation results support the theory that due to high levels of anxiety people generally do not switch of their mobile phones on entering no call zones. The dependency syndrome created by the mobile phone thus needs to be altered. (Harrison, 2000). VIII. Theory. Mobile phones reduce anxiety and hence people tend to avoid switching them off even while inside a no call zone. Communicating with ones peer group is an essential feature of anx iety.Mobile phones enable us to remain connected with our support group at all times which indicates that in case people remain close to their in group, there would be reason to believe that they will comply with instructions on cell phone etiquette. IX. Hypothesis. Students entering the college library will switch of their mobile phones in case they come to the library with their, â€Å"in† group. The, â€Å"in† group comprises of those students who provide primary support in college. X. Procedure or Methodology The focus group was the first term students of the college.Library attendance was planned in groups for the first term. This was done with the assistance of the college administration on two days a Saturday and Sunday from 1000 to 1400 hours. The cooperation of the college administration was forthcoming given the pay offs of better mobile phone discipline in the college library. The first term students were selected keeping in view their greater likelihood to use mobile phones when staying away from their support group. The investigator along with the assistant retained a record as indicated in IV above.XI. Results. Six small first term groups attended the library on Saturday and five groups on Sunday. Each group comprised of three to four students, thereby total sample in a day varied from 15 to 20 students. The groups were comprised evenly of both the genders and gender comparison has not been undertaken. Of the six groups on whom data was gathered on Saturday, all students in four groups had switched off their mobile phones on entering the library. Two students one each from the other two groups did not switch off their mobile phones.Both the students attended to calls which were external and not from the investigators. Of the five groups on whom data was collected on Sunday, all students in four groups switched off their mobile phones on entering the library. One student from the fifth group did not switch off his mobile phone. The s tudent attended to the call from an external source. XII. Discussion The overwhelmingly positive response of the student groups indicates that when these students did not feel anxiety to communicate with their peers on telephone, their adherence to the rules was much better.There were only three students who violated the code. Each of these had received an external call. This indicates likelihood of their expecting calls other than from their, â€Å"in† group and thus leading them to carry their mobile phones. Thus an effective link of reduction of anxiety through availability of mobile phones has been clearly established, while at the same time there is a clear correlation of a high degree of dependence on mobile phones in people which needs to be overcome with more structured corrective interventions.The evolution of such interventions could form a further subject of research as the problem of mobile phone call interruptions is a perpetual one. While technology has attempte d to resolve the same through measures such as silent mode, behavioral interventions also need consideration which can be a subject of structured research. Reference 1. Morgan, John. (2001). Debrett's New Guide to Etiquette and Modern Manners. New York: Thomas Dunne. 2. Harrison, Linda (2000). The dos and don'ts of mobile phone etiquette. Retrieved on 02 January 2007 from http://www.theregister. co. uk/2000/06/01/the_dos_and_donts/. 3. Ralph, Louise. (2002). Look who’s talking: mobile phone etiquette. Retrieved on 02 January 2007 from http://www. econnect. com. au/pdf/quicktips/mobile. pdf. 4. Briody, Dan. (2005). The Ten Commandments of cell phone etiquette. Retrieved on 02 January 2007 from http://www. infoworld. com/articles/op/xml/00/05/26/000526opwireless. html. 5. Baseline Information Observation. (2006). Observations recorded during experiment. 6. Behavior Change. (2006). Observations recorded during experiment.

Public Opinion and Responding to Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Opinion and Responding to Crisis - Essay Example Again, the core needs of the public and the society at large becomes a major factor that influences decision at all school administrative meetings. For example once the call by the public for a morally upright generation keeps going high, the school’s decision on curriculum becomes affected whereby they begin to put in place more subjects and programs that are directed at improving the moral fiber of students (Kowalski, 2007). 2. What is a command center and where should it be located? In a typical school environment, it is important that there exists a central point where all critical information will be channeled to all to whom such information may concern. For instance in the event of a disaster whereby students and staff must run for their lives, it is important that there will be only one central point where command will be issued from. Such a centralized point where commands are issued is what Kowalski (2007) refers to a command center. In explaining where the command ce nter ought to be located, it is important to point out that at all point in time, the command center must be centralized. This means that it should be operated by only one identified outfit. This is important so that in the event of responding to crisis, there will not be inconsistency with commands that are given. Based on this, it is important to point out that the command center must be located in the office of the safety officer, who must be a trained specialist to interpret and attend to crisis. 3. Detail information first responders should receive prior to any crisis. First responders are presumably people who are not very familiar with how to conduct themselves in the event of any major crisis. For this reason, it is very important that the kind of information that is given to them in the event of a crisis become one that is very precise and in-depth. Without this, it is possible that these first responders would not know the right actions to take with reference to the inform ation they receive. Regarding the precision of the information, it is important that the first respondent be made aware of the kind of crisis that is at hand. The first respondent must also know the scope of risk involved in the crisis. More importantly, the information must clearly state out the rescue or safety processes. Prior to any crisis, there is the tendency that the emotions of respondents will raise. Some of these emotions will be characterized with fear and panic. It is therefore important also that the information given to first respondents become one that will take into consideration the psychological wellness of the respondents. 4. Respond appropriately to the following â€Å"Difficult Questions† as the school’s principal: a. Do you think the parents are being unreasonable? No b. What is your personal opinion? They are only expressing their concern and sometimes ignorance towards the welfare of their wards. c. Why do you think the superintendent decided t o do that? The superintendent was only trying to make the stipulated regulations work while ensuring that major protocols and bureaucracies surrounding the response to crisis were not broken. d. What is the overall annual budget for t

The Brand Promotion of Tesco in Beijing City, Based on the Program of Essay - 1

The Brand Promotion of Tesco in Beijing City, Based on the Program of Sales Promotion of Tescos Products to housewives in Beijing - Essay Example Tesco is involved in below the line activities to keep the housewives attracted but it needs to focus more on such activities. The main problem that the firm is facing is that it cannot establish itself as a low priced retailer. This is because the housewives are knowledgeable about the market and know where to get the best price from. Thus Tesco needs to improve upon its promotional tools to face local competition and to alter the image the consumers have of the brand. The Chinese market is very different and has a lot of cultures. Thus Tesco has to adapt to the preferences of the different types of people. The firm uses all types of brand and sales promotion mediums, the rational modes of advertisements are still dominating the market. Television is overpowering other communication mediums like print medium and the internet. However, the firm should not only focus on the traditional mode of communication. Rather they should expand their horizon and try to use other mediums the internet and technology based marketing tools. Zhen (2007) explains that this is because it is a futuristic view and at some point such technological advances will become an eminent part of the market. At the same time, to reach the consumers currently Tesco has to focus more on television as it is a more reliable mode of communication with the consumers. The consumers truest the television and thus it will help Tesco get the message across. Print media is another option like magazines to reach particular target markets, especially house wives. Moreover, fliers, word of mouth and below the line activities can also be looked into. Below the line activities may have a greater impact on women and help promote the brand. To encourage sales promotion, in store promotions may also work well with women and help influence their decision m aking. As per Zhen (2007) Tesco is facing a challenging market in China as it is finding it difficult to

Web Activity 2 Twelve Tips for Team Building Essay

Web Activity 2 Twelve Tips for Team Building - Essay Example d it pretty nicely, as to how to manage these things with workable strategies and by involving all members in team discussions and giving right and opportunity to everyone to convey opinion, to come to a solution that is appropriate for the issue and group. A quick illustration of the 12 tips would give the idea that it is extremely rare that each member of the team feels as excited about the goal as the other team members. The difference is also present in the form of creativeness and innovativeness. It is thus necessary to know the expertise and the area of interest of each individual so to assign the task accordingly to maximize the team’s output (Heathfield). Moreover, the communication and collaboration among the team members, as described in the article, also have a significance value when we talk about mutual understanding and collective efforts. It is to me, not possible for a team to prosper in the long run, if the members are not in active contact with each other and cannot work jointly for problem solving or for the development of the team. So it is essential to make the social bond strong among the team member so they can work for the team’s goal and not their own! Another highly essential tool to make people feel more comfortable working in the team or as a part of any organization is, to make the environment more People friendly rather than a dictator type. That is to the change in the traditional Culture or attitude by which a team governs. If exceptional performances are not rewarded, people are not praised for their admirable conduct and zest, and the team lead fails to find a motivating factor for the team members, i t is quite possible that people would not put any extra efforts in their tasks and would feel de motivated, resulting in a decline in their passion and interest for the work (Heathfield). According to my understanding of this article, amongst the 12 C’s, the one that is the most imperative in the team building is the Control

Change Management and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Case Study

Change Management and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs - Case Study Example As we see upon examination, something as small and as large as language or time expectations can lead to tremendous difficulties in motivation, and ultimately market demand and revenues. A fascinating insight into the world of work and human resource management, the GE Medical CGR case serves as a foundation for further inquiry into change management and equity incentive strategies. In consideration of organizational leadership and human resource management practices, the essay also infers the importance of a rather old, yet 'universal' paradigm from Psychology, Maslow's 'Hierarchy of Needs;' premise to fulfillment of the state of human nature as a means to consensus building and the inculcation of 'desire' in work. At the time that GE entered into the French market with its take-over acquisition of Companie Generale Radiology (CGR), an existing high level of specialization, low change professional environment was resilient to U.S. business protocol. The business practices at the Parisian based CGR reflected France's Scurit Sociale system. Like other medical suppliers, most of CGR's customer basis was drawn from a clientele state relationship that had held a low competition as an expectation of a 'civil service model.' Indeed from everyday aspects of employee motivation and performance on the job to standards of regulatory adherence, and attendant rules of conduct in response to those public partnerships, CGR was run on a model of a low participatory, low change management model that was experienced by most employees as stasis. No change meant that little challenge to normative modes of low productivity and national expectations of leave of absence, whether it be maternity, vacation, or merely a 'mental health break' all contributed to what GE found in a confrontation with U.S. models of high productivity, and low absence employee relations. CGR employees were nothing short of shocked by GE's protocols which reinforced high change, aggressive capitalist market practice. CGR employees also complained about communicative practices, arguing that the English introduction to GE's new management oversight meant that it was not they, who were being addressed. CGR employees were met characteristic literalism (i.e., plain talk 'means' what is said, not inferred) by North American managers, who were equally shocked at what they thought to be unmotivated and unproductive long-term workers who had been working under the former system at the Paris based firm. In short, globalization of the corporation really required localization of GE in the preliminary stage, in order for the corporation to assess its human resources accurately and adequately, and to foster good faith ground in order to effectively translate the company's corporate culture and standardized expectations in a fertile context that would be receptive towards company centered ideas such as capital growth.  

Social movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Social movement - Essay Example The homogeneity of the Abolitionist Movement was however soon to be fragmented with the increasing participation of African-Americans in this movement for their emancipation. The involvement of Blacks in the movement made it move beyond its erstwhile minimalist agenda of slave emancipation. The movement gradually began to press for political and social equality in all domains for Black Americans. This perhaps somewhat predictably caused a rift between the White abolitionists and their Black counterparts. The abolitionists adopted a number of measures to have their demands heard. They sent innumerable petitions to the American Congress, wrote pamphlets and treatises giving moral, religious and social arguments against slavery and held conferences and speeches to mobilize mass support for their cause. One of the very first White abolitionist was Benjamin Lay pointed to the moral and religious underpinnings of slavery and termed it a â€Å"notorious sin†. Anthony Benezet, yet another early abolitionist combined a didactic critique of slavery with its economic implications. He argued that if owners of slaves would stop their demand for slaves, the heinous practice of the Atlantic slave trade would inevitably come to an end (Abolition, Anti-Slavery Movements, and the Rise of the Sectional Controversy). Perhaps the first outspoken Black abolitionist figures were Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth. Truth spent a considerable part of her life as a slave before gaining independence through the New York Gradual Abolition Act of 1827. She advocated not merely race equality but was also extremely ahead of her times in advocating gender equality. Douglass on the other hand was an extremely impressive orator who worked in collaboration with leading abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison to speak widely and powerfully for the cause of slave emancipation. Douglass’ numerous writings and speeches went a long way in